全国人民代表大会常务委员会


全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治偷税、抗税犯罪的补充规定(附英文)

1992年9月4日第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十七次会议通过

为了惩治偷税、抗税的犯罪行为，对刑法作如下补充规定：
一、纳税人采取伪造、变造、隐匿、擅自销毁帐簿、记帐凭证，在帐簿上多列支出或者不列、少列收入，或者进行虚假的纳税申报的手段，不缴或者少缴应纳税款的，是偷税。偷税数额占应纳税额的百分之十以上并且偷税数额在一万元以上的，或者因偷税被税务机关给予二次行政处罚
又偷税的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处偷税数额五倍以下的罚金；偷税数额占应纳税额的百分之三十以上并且偷税数额在十万元以上的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处偷税数额五倍以下的罚金。
扣缴义务人采取前款所列手段，不缴或者少缴已扣、已收税款，数额占应缴税额的百分之十以上并且数额在一万元以上的，依照前款规定处罚。
对多次犯有前两款规定的违法行为未经处罚的，按照累计数额计算。
二、纳税人欠缴应纳税款，采取转移或者隐匿财产的手段，致使税务机关无法追缴欠缴的税款，数额在一万元以上不满十万元的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处欠缴税款五倍以下的罚金；数额在十万元以上的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处欠缴税款五倍以下的罚金。
三、企业事业单位犯第一条、第二条罪的，依照第一条、第二条的规定，判处罚金，并对负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
四、纳税人向税务人员行贿，不缴或者少缴应纳税款的，按照行贿罪追究刑事责任，并处不缴或者少缴的税款五倍以下的罚金。
五、企业事业单位采取对所生产或者经营的商品假报出口等欺骗手段，骗取国家出口退税款，数额在一万元以上的，处骗取税款五倍以下的罚金，并对负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
前款规定以外的单位或者个人骗取国家出口退税款的，按照诈骗罪追究刑事责任，并处骗取税款五倍以下的罚金；单位犯本款罪的，除处以罚金外，对负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，按照诈骗罪追究刑事责任。
六、以暴力、威胁方法拒不缴纳税款的，是抗税，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处拒缴税款五倍以下的罚金；情节严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处拒缴税款五倍以下的罚金。
以暴力方法抗税，致人重伤或者死亡的，按照伤害罪、杀人罪从重处罚，并依照前款规定处以罚金。
七、对犯本规定之罪的，由税务机关追缴不缴、少缴、欠缴、拒缴或者骗取的税款。对依法免予刑事处罚的，除由税务机关追缴不缴、少缴、欠缴、拒缴或者骗取的税款外，处不缴、少缴、欠缴、拒缴或者骗取的税款五倍以下的罚款。
八、本规定自1993年1月1日起施行。

SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONALPEOPLE'S CONGRESS CONCERNING THE IMPOSITION OF PUNISHMENTS IN RESPECT OFOFFENSES OF TAX EVASION AND REFUSAL TO PAY TAX

(Standing Committee, National People's Congress: 4 September 1992)

Whole Doc.
With a view to imposing punishments in respect of offenses of tax
evasion and refusal to pay tax, the relevant supplementary provisions to
the Criminal Law have been formulated as follows:
1. "Evasion of tax" means that a taxpayer fails to pay or underpays
the amount of tax payable through the adoption of the means of forging,
revising, concealing or destroying accounting books or supporting vouchers
for the accounts without authorization, or of overstating expenses or not
stating or understating income in accounting books, or of filing
fraudulent tax returns. Where the amount of tax evaded accounts for more
than ten percent of the amount of tax payable and is over Renminbi 10000
Yuan, or where the taxpayer evades tax again after having been subject to
administrative sanctions imposed by the tax authorities twice by reason of
tax evasion, the taxpayer shall be subject to imprisonment or confinement
with hard labour for a term of not more than three years as well as a fine
of not more than five times the amount of tax evaded. Where the amount of
tax evaded accounts for more than thirty percent of the amount of tax
payable and is over Renminbi 100000 Yuan, the taxpayer shall be subject to
imprisonment for a term of over three years but not more than seven years
as well as a fine of not more than five times the amount of tax evaded.
Where a withholding agent fails to pay or underpays the tax which has
been withheld or collected through the adoption of the means specified in
the preceding Paragraph, and where the amount of tax evaded accounts for
more than ten percent of the amount of tax payable and is over Renminbi
10000 Yuan, a punishment shall be imposed on the withholding agent in
accordance with the provisions stipulated in the preceding Paragraph.
Where the illegal acts specified in the preceding two Paragraphs have
been committed several times and no punishment has been imposed, a
punishment shall be imposed based on the accumulated amounts.
2. Where a taxpayer who has failed to pay the amount of tax payable
adopts the means of transferring or concealing the property, resulting in
failure on the part of the tax authorities to pursue the payment of the
tax in arrears, and where the amount of the tax in arrears is over
Renminbi 10000 Yuan but under Renminbi 100000 Yuan, the taxpayer shall be
subject to imprisonment or confinement with hard labour for a term of not
more than three years as well as a fine of not more than five times the
amount of tax in arrears. Where the amount of tax in arrears is over
Renminbi 100000 Yuan, the taxpayer shall be subject to imprisonment for a
term of over three years but not more than seven years as well as a fine
of not more than five times the amount of tax in arrears.
3. Where an enterprise or institution commits the offenses specified
in Articles 1 or 2 hereof, a fine shall be imposed on the enterprise or
institution in accordance with the provisions set forth in Articles 1 or 2
hereof, and the persons in charge and other personnel who assume direct
responsibility shall be subject to imprisonment or confinement with hard
labour for a term of not more than three years.
4. Where a taxpayer offers a bribe to tax officials and fails to pay
or underpays the amount of tax payable, an investigation into the criminal
liabilities of the taxpayer shall be conducted based on an offense of
bribery, and the taxpayer shall be subject to a fine of not more than five
times the amount of tax which has not been paid or underpaid.
5. Where an enterprise or institution fraudulently obtains a tax
refund through the adoption of deceptive means such as fraudulently
declaring the commodities it produces or operates as export goods, and
where the amount of the tax refund which has been fraudulently obtained is
over Renminbi 10000 Yuan, a fine of not more than five times the amount of
the tax refund which has been fraudulently obtained shall be imposed on
the enterprise or institution, and the persons in charge and other
personnel who assume direct responsibility shall be subject to
imprisonment or confinement with hard labour for a term of not more than
three years.
Where an entity or individual other than those as prescribed in the
preceding Paragraph fraudulently obtains a tax refund for export from the
State, an investigation into the criminal liabilities of the entity or
individual shall be conducted based on an offense of fraud, and a fine of
not more than five times the amount of the tax refund which has been
fraudulently obtained shall be imposed on the entity or individual. In
addition to imposing a fine on an entity which has committed the offense
specified in this Paragraph, an investigation into the criminal
liabilities of the persons in charge and other personnel who assume direct
responsibility shall be conducted based on an offense of fraud.
6. "Refusal to pay tax" means the refusal to pay tax by using
violence or menace. A taxpayer who has refused to pay tax shall be subject
to imprisonment or confinement with hard labour for a term of not more
than three years as well as a fine of not more than five times the amount
of tax the taxpayer has refused to pay. Where the case is serious, the
taxpayer shall be subject to imprisonment for a term of over three years
but not more than seven years as well as a fine of not more than five
times the amount of tax the taxpayer has refused to pay.
In the case of refusal to pay tax by using violence which causes a
person to suffer from serious injury or death, a serious punishment shall
be imposed based on an offence of assault or manslaughter, and a fine
shall be imposed in accordance with the provisions set forth in the
preceding Paragraph.
7. Where the offenses specified herein are committed, the tax
authorities shall pursue the payment of the amount of tax which has not
been paid or underpaid, or is in arrears, or a taxpayer has refused to
pay, or has been fraudulently obtained. Where a taxpayer is exempt from
criminal punishment in accordance with the law, the tax authorities shall,
in addition to pursuing the payment of the amount of tax which has not
been paid or underpaid, or is in arrears, or the taxpayer has refused to
pay, or has been fraudulently obtained, shall impose a fine of not more
than five times the amount of tax which has not been paid or underpaid, or
is in arrears, or the taxpayer has refused to pay, or has been
fraudulently obtained.
8. The present provisions shall come into force as of January 1,
1993.


信用证通知行权利义务透视---兼UCP600第九条权利义务分析

居松南


　　摘要：信用证通知行在UCP600的规制下，承担的是转递信息的义务，通知行应当对外承担证明信用证真伪的义务，但是通知行也可以不履行通知的义务，前提是应当及时地通知各方。

　　关键词：信用证； UCP600； 通知行

　　UCP600是构建信用证法律关系的基本国际惯例，在信用证法律关系中，信用证通知行担任着同样重要的角色，并可能对当事方权利义务产生重要影响，笔者着力从以下权利义务角度解析通知行的权利义务。

一、通知行承担的首先是通知义务，而非保证兑付的义务。

UCP600 Article 9 Advising of Credits and Amendments a. A credit and any amendment may be advised to a beneficiary through an advising bank. An advising bank that is not a confirming bank advises the credit and any amendment without any undertaking to honour or negotiate. a. 信用证及其修改可以通过通知行通知受益人。除非已对信用证加具保兑，通知行通知信用证不构成兑付或议付的承诺。
　　信用证通知行一般是开证银行的代理行，通知行承担的是通知信用证的义务，通知行和开证行之间是委托代理的关系，即开证行委托通知行将信用证通知给受益人。作为开证行的代理人，通知行的义务很简单，只需要履行告知的义务即可，而无须承担兑付或议付信用证的义务。本条中提到一个例外，如通知行同时担任保兑行的话，则通知行承担保兑行的责任，也就是第8条里所列明的责任和义务。

二、通知行负有保证信用证表面真实性的义务和责任
UCP600 Article 9 Advising of Credits and Amendments b. By advising the credit or amendment, the advising bank signifies that it has satisfied itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit or amendment and that the advice accurately reflects the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment received.
　　该条意指：通过通知信用证或修改，通知行即表明其认为信用证或修改的表面真实性得到满足，且通知准确地反映了所收到的信用证或修改的条款及条件。
　　通知行尽管只是开证行的代理人，代行通知的义务，但是通知行对受益人仍然是承担相应义务的。该义务表现为，通知行所通知的信用证或其修改应当是真实的，而且表面上是完整的。在现实的信用证交易中信用证的开出系开证行和通知行之间通过交换密押的方式来核实信用证的真伪，通过SWFIT系统开立的信用证则由系统自动核实真伪，通知行在电子终端上收到信用证文本时，应当核实信用证的真伪，如果开证行决定通知了信用证，则应当告知受益人该信用证的真伪性质。此外开证行还应当完整地将其收到的信用证通知给受益人，尽管UCP600在第35条中就电讯传递中信息的缺失不承担责任，但是通知行应当保证其通知的信用证和收到的信用证是一一对应的关系，若因通知行的失误未能将信用证完整地通知给受益人，则通知行显然是应当承担责任的。

三、信用证转通知行承担的和通知行一样的义务和责任。
UCP600第九条c. An advising bank may utilize the services of another bank (“second advising bank”) to advise the credit and any amendment to the beneficiary. By advising the credit or amendment, the second advising bank signifies that it has satisfied itself as to the apparent authenticity of the advice it has received and that the advice accurately reflects the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment received.
　　该条意指：c. 通知行可以利用另一家银行的服务（“第二通知行”）向受益人通知信用证及其修改。通过通知信用证或修改，第二通知行即表明其认为所收到的通知的表面真实性得到满足，且通知准确地反映了所收到的信用证或修改的条款及条件。
　　UCP600在此条当中增加了第二通知行这一当事方，第二通知行的角色和第一通知行的角色是类似的。只不过第二通知行和第一通知行之间是委托代理关系，第二通知行从第一通知行处获取信用证并向受益人做出通知，则第二通知行也得保证其和第一通知行之间的意思是真实的信用证转通知表示，若第二通知行不能保证该信用证的准确性，不能保证信用证的完整性而通知了信用证，则第二通知行也应当承担相应的责任。

四、信用证开证行必须保证使用同样的路径发出信用证和随后的修改
d. A bank utilizing the services of an advising bank or second advising bank to advise a credit must use the same bank to advise any amendment thereto. 　　
　　如一家银行利用另一家通知行或第二通知行的服务将信用证通知给受益人，它也必须利用同一家银行的服务通知修改书。
　　UCP600强制性地要求信用证通知行一旦被选择，则信用证的修改等通知同样要经过此路径做出，不允许信用证开证行变更通知行，或者通知行变更第二通知行。值得说明的是，UCP600在此条当中，并未规定未能按照此项要求行事的银行须承担何法律后果，或对信用证的效力产生何影响。试想如一信用证修改未能按照原始途径发出，则受益人是按照后续的修改行事，还是仍按照原信用证行事，如果产生这样的纠纷，该如何判定当事方的责任？

五、通知行义务并不是强加的义务，通知行可以不通知信用证，但应当及时告知开证行

UCP600第九条e. If a bank is requested to advise a credit or amendment but elects not to do so, it must so inform, without delay, the bank from which the credit, amendment or advice has been received. e. 如果一家银行被要求通知信用证或修改但决定不予通知，它必须不延误通知向其发送信用证、修改或通知的银行。
　　同保兑行承担保兑义务一样，尽管开证行将信用证发往了通知行，但这并不代表通知行必然确定地承担通知责任。开证行的要约如果没有得到通知行的同意，通知行仍然不需要承担通知行的义务。但是和普通民法里的要约承诺不同的是，UCP600规定如果通知行不同意开证行的指示，通知行应当负有立即通知开证行的义务。而在民法当中，一般均不承认默示承诺，被要约人如果不同意要约，则被要约人无须做出任何意思表示。UCP600的此项规定是为了保证交易能够正常进行，确保信用证能够及时地通知到受益人手中。

六、通知行不能确定信用证真伪时也应及时通知相关方
UCP600第九条f. If a bank is requested to advise a credit or amendment but cannot satisfy itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit, the amendment or the advice, it must so inform, without delay, the bank from which the instructions appear to have been received. If the advising bank or second advising bank elects nonetheless to advise the credit or amendment, it must inform the beneficiary or second advising bank that it has not been able to satisfy itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit, the amendment or the advice. f. 如果一家被要求通知信用证或修改，但不能确定信用证、修改或通知的表面真实性，就必须不延误地告知向其发出该指示的银行。如果通知行或第二通知行仍决定通知信用证或修改，则必须告知受益人或第二通知行其未能核实信用证、修改或通知的表面真实性。
　　通知行在不能确定信用证真伪的时候，应当首先负有向发出指令的银行告知信用证真伪不能核实的义务，从这一点上来看，无论信用证是否为真伪，一旦信用证处于通知行手中，通知行首先应当核实真伪，其次即便在信用证不能确定真伪时，通知行仍负有立即将信用证的情况告知发出指令银行的义务。这里通知行承担的义务和民法上的义务有明显的不同，我们可以将UCP600的此条规定视为是对所有银行的强制性规定，方能保证信用证的正常运转。如果是一份伪造的信用证，则开证行根本就未指令通知行就信用证进行通知，从民法意义上讲这个开证行为是一个自始无效的法律行为，对任何一方均没有约束力，通知行也就没有义务通知信用证。这和UCP600的规定是明显不同的，UCP600强行要求所有银行按照其规定行事是有利于保护受益人利益的。
　　本条同时规定了通知行对受益人的告知义务，在通知行不能确认信用证真伪的情况下，在通知行决定通知时，通知行负有告知信用证为不能确定真伪的义务。信用证交易和其他交易不同的是，信用证是开证行发出的单方意思表示，一旦信用证开立则脱离了开证行的控制，信用证能否得到运转和持续依赖于其他当事方的协助，在信用证开证行和受益人之间存在这多重可能出现的当事人。信用证交易下存在真实的贸易合同关系，贸易合同的正常结算依赖于信用证的执行，同时贸易合同的执行又脱离于信用证而独立运作，时效性的要求强调信用证能及时到达相应当事人处。而信用证的真伪确定是有着技术性的要求的，为了能够及时性地告知受益人信用证的运行状况，通知行如果决定通知信用证，则在不能确定真伪的情况下，需要将信用证的真伪通知受益人。这一方面保证了受益人的相关权益，又合理地保护了通知行的利益。

作者单位：江苏唯衡律师事务所
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